Clinical Inquiries

What is the best way to evaluate acute diarrhea?

Montgomery L, Scoville C, Hall LW. J Fam Pract 2002 Jun;51(6):575.

Evidence-based Answer

Limited evidence delineates the relative probabilities of causes of acute diarrhea, typically defined as a diarrheal disease lasting 14 days or fewer, in the developed world. Viruses (rotavirus, Norwalk, and other enteric viruses) are responsible for most cases. Stool culture helps to identify bacterial causes (Salmonella, Shigella, enterotoxic Escherichia coli), especially in patients with fever and bloody stool. A modified 3-day rule (eg, performing only Clostridium difficile toxin tests on low-risk patients who have been hospitalized for 3 or more days) leads to a more rational use of stool cultures without missing cases of clinically significant disease. (Grade of recommendation: D, based on limited studies, reliance on expert opinion, and consensus.)

Evidence-based Summary

More than 2 million cases of infectious diarrhea are documented in the United States annually. Infectious diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Published data have focused on the etiology of diarrhea in the developing world, and more commonly on the clinical evaluation and treatment of patients with diarrhea and dehydration.

While most research on acute diarrhea focuses on infectious causes, noninfectious causes should also be considered (eg, drug-induced diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease).1 Viral causes are most common; in children, viruses are responsible for 70% to 80% of cases of diarrhea.2 A prospective study of 147 US children with acute, mild diarrhea demonstrated that rectal swabs yielded a positive test for an infectious agent in 60.5% of cases (Table).3

A case-control study of stool cultures for rotavirus in adult patients found that 14% of 683 with diarrhea and 5% of 1115 without diarrhea shed rotavirus.4 A recent systematic review found no published studies about the likelihood of specific diagnoses in children presenting to the hospital with diarrhea.5

Some evidence supports a structured diagnostic strategy for hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea. Using retrospective reviews, Bauer and colleagues6 developed a prediction rule for cases of infectious diarrhea. The “modified 3-day rule” recommends stool cultures for patients with diarrhea beginning more than 3 days after hospitalization only when they fall into 1 of the following groups: patients older than 65 years with permanently altered organ function, those with HIV or neutropenia, those hospitalized during suspected nosocomial outbreaks, and those suspected of nondiarrheal manifestations of enteric infection.6 When the modified rule was applied prospectively, only 2 cases were missed. Both patients were at risk for immunosuppression, although they did not strictly meet the modified criteria. Neither required treatment.6

Clinical Commentary

The majority of patients with acute diarrhea do not need an extensive diagnostic work-up, as most such illnesses are self-limiting, requiring only supportive therapy. The decision to proceed with stool cultures in a patient with acute diarrhea might be prompted by a history of recent travel or by the presence of fever, abdominal pain, or hematochezia, suggesting inflammatory diarrhea. Symptoms in elderly or immunocompromised patients, or symptoms persisting beyond one week, often merit further investigation. In patients hospitalized for over three days who develop new diarrhea, Clostridium difficile is the likely culprit, and should be excluded prior to seeking other causes.

Recommendations from Others

The Infectious Diseases Society of America’s practice guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of acute diarrhea recommends that stool culture for bacteria (including enterotoxic E coli) should be considered in patients with community- or travel-acquired diarrhea, especially when fever or bloody stool is present. In hospitalized patients, only toxin tests for C difficile are recommended. Testing for acute parasitic diseases should be reserved only for patients whose symptoms persist after 7 days.1

Figures

Etiologic agents in US children with acute diarrhea
Infectious agent Percent
Rotavirus 29.3%
Giardia lamblia 15%
Pathogenic Escherichia coli 15%
Multiple agents 10%
Data from Caeiro JP, Mathewson JJ, Smith MA, Jiang ZD, Kaplan MA, Dupont HL. Etiology of outpatient pediatric nondysenteric diarrhea: a multicenter study in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:94–7.

References

  1. Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TSet al. Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. 2001. Volume 32. Page(s): 331-51.
  2. Merrick N, Davidson B, Fox Snull Treatment of acute gastroenteritis: too much and too little care. 1996. Volume 35. Page(s): 429-35.
  3. Caeiro JP, Mathewson JJ, Smith MA, Jiang ZD, Kaplan MA, Dupont HLnull Etiology of outpatient pediatric nondysenteric diarrhea: a multicenter study in the United States. 1999. Volume 18. Page(s): 94-7.
  4. Nakajima H, Nakagomi T, Kamisawa Tet al. Winter seasonality and rotavirus diarrhoea in adults. 2001. Volume 357(9272). Page(s): 1950..
  5. Armon K, Stephenson T, MacFaul R, Eccleston P, Werneke Unull An evidence and consensus based guideline for acute diarrhoea management. 2001. Volume 85. Page(s): 132-42.
  6. Bauer TM, Lalvani A, Fehrenbach Jet al. Derivation and validation of guidelines for stool cultures for enteropathogenic bacteria other than 2001. Volume 285. Page(s): 313-9.